At what location are most caverns typically formed?

Most caverns are typically formed at the water table or just below it due to the processes of chemical weathering and dissolution that are most effective in this zone. When water from precipitation infiltrates the ground, it becomes slightly acidic as it interacts with carbon dioxide in the soil, forming carbonic acid. This acidic water is then able to dissolve limestone or other soluble rock, creating voids that can expand into large caverns.

The saturation of conditions at the water table allows for continual flow of groundwater, which enhances the dissolution process and facilitates the enlargement of existing cavities into larger cavern systems. Over time, these processes lead to the spectacular formations often found in caves, including stalactites and stalagmites.

Locations above the water table typically lack the necessary conditions for such dissolution due to the absence of persistent water flow, while areas deep within the Earth’s crust are less likely to experience the right environmental factors necessary for the formation of caverns. Similarly, while some coastal areas may have caves formed through different processes like erosion, they are not primarily associated with cavern formation in the context of limestone dissolution.